Newborns are equipped with a number of instinctive responses, so-called primitive reflexes. They respond automatically to specific stimuli which have their own unique function. From about three months, these reflex reactions are gradually replaced by active responses in order to give way to active learning, for instance baby’s grasp reflex must fade in order for baby to learn to hold an object.

The rooting reflex:

If baby’s cheek or mouth is gently touched, baby will turn the head towards the touch and open the mouth slightly in order to indicate that baby expects to be fed.

The rooting reflex is one of the most important primitive reflexes as it helps baby to find the nipple, the source of food. Without this inborn reflex breastfeeding could turn out to be very difficult; feeding baby requires cooperation from both sides.

Another of baby’s primitive reflexes is the sucking behaviour: when anything is put in the baby’s mouth, the baby will suck and swallow. This reflex is also vital for baby’s survival as it ensures a smooth feeding process.

The grasp reflex:

By touching the palm of a newborn’s hand, the hand automatically tightens to grasp. This automated response persists until about 5 or 6 months of age.

The walking reflex:

When baby is held upright, tilted forward slightly and has the feet on a flat surface, baby will make forward stepping movements by placing one foot in front of the other. Although this automated response disappears quickly after birth, it will re-appear as a voluntary attempt at around 8 to 12 months.

The tonic neck reflex:

If baby’s head is turned to one side, the arm and leg will straighten on that side while the arm and leg on the other side will bend. This reflex disappears at around four months.

The plantar reflex:

Similar to the grasp reflex, the plantar reflex is characterised by the curling up of the infant’s toes when the foot is rubbed. It disappears at around the baby’s first birthday.

The startle reaction:

When baby is startled by a sudden loud noise or bright light, the arms will move outwards with the hands clenched. This reflex usually disappears at around three months of age.

The moro reflex:

When baby’s head is moved, thus giving the feeling of being dropped, the baby automatically extends the head and legs while the arms jerk up with the fingers and thumbs stretched in a sudden movement. Then baby brings back the arms and the hands clench into fists, accompanied by a loud cry. This reflex usually disappears at around three to four months of age.